The governance of modern societies is in permanent tension between the immediate appeal of emotion and the need for enduring principles. Emotion—when converted into the driving force of state policy—frequently transforms into a mechanism of institutional erosion.
The substitution of economic and moral principles by emotional imperatives does not represent a technical failure, but a profound philosophical divergence about human nature and the function of the state. In other words, policies based on principles are anchored in reason, empirical evidence, and the recognition of scarcity. On the other hand, political decisions oriented by irrational emotion disregard long-lasting structural effects.
The intellectual root of this substitution lies in the distinction formulated by economist Thomas Sowell in books such as The Vision of the Anointed and Intellectuals and Society. He explains there are two ways to see the world. In the first, known as the “constrained vision”—also known as the “tragic vision”—we recognize that many problems are part of human nature itself, and for this reason, there is no perfect solution that resolves all of humanity’s problems. In the second vision, called the “unconstrained vision,” it is believed that social problems occur only due to errors of private institutions and must be solved by people considered more intelligent, intellectuals, and compassionate who aim to “fix social problems through planned policies.”
The “tragic vision,” in turn, recognizes that human nature is limited and knowledge is dispersed among many people, not concentrated in a few specialists. There are no “perfect solutions,” only costly choices. As Sowell observes, civilization is not self-sustaining; it is a fragile order that depends on moral values such as respect, justice, private property, individual liberty, and responsibility.
From an economic point of view, the substitution of principles by emotions manifests in the inability to distinguish between seen and unseen effects, as formulated by Frédéric Bastiat. The good economist considers long-term effects of public policies, especially those not linked to immediate emotional analysis.
The regulatory distortions are reflected in Germany’s Industrial and Fiscal trajectory. Official Destatis data indicate that the German automotive sector lost 48,700 jobs (6.3 percent) in the year to September 2025, reaching the lowest employment level in a decade. The OECD Economic Surveys: Germany 2025 highlights persistent structural risks until 2035, including population aging, growing fiscal pressure, below-average productivity growth, and challenges to industrial competitiveness.
In the recent German political debate, central figures in CDU leadership have come to recognize the fiscal and demographic limits OECD and World Bank data confirm that the German economy recorded contraction in 2023 and very weak growth in 2024 (~0.2 percent), evidencing the limits of public policies sustained by a high tax burden and state spending expansion.
In contrast, Argentina’s Milei government presents itself as a contemporary instrument of fiscal consolidation based on market principles. According to the 2026 National Budget and official reports, the country projects a primary fiscal surplus of 1.5 percent of GDP (with a financial surplus of 0.3 percent after debt payments). IMF reports confirm that the adjustment was achieved predominantly through spending cuts and elimination of monetary deficit finance.
Despite debt maturities exceeding US$20 billion in 2026, the restoration of fiscal credibility has favored a recovery based on real investment. IMF and World Bank assessments highlight that monetary stabilization constitutes one of the most effective and socially relevant instruments for combating poverty.
Sri Lanka offers an intermediate case between collapse and recovery. The abrupt ban on chemical fertilizers in 2021, documented in the IMF, Asia Development Bank, and the World Bank, indicates persistent fiscal tensions, risks of reform reversal, and limited fiscal space to respond to climate and external shocks.
It is valid to highlight that when emotion blinds the perception of reality, there is no defense of principles such as private property, the rule of law, and free markets that historically have allowed the progressive elevation of living standards. As Bastiat and Sowell teach, the greatest cruelty is to govern societies based on superficial emotional illusions that undermine the very foundations of their survival, harming mainly the most vulnerable.
